Medical Glossary
Here we explain important terms related to skin, treatments, and diagnoses in a simple and easy-to-understand way. This helps you better interpret medical information and feel more confident finding your way around.
Early form of eczema in babies with weeping lesions on the cheeks and scalp (cradle cap). Often begins in the first months of life. Consistent basic skin care relieves symptoms.
Chronic inflammatory skin condition with severe itching and dry skin. It flares up and is often associated with allergies and asthma. Basic skincare and anti-inflammatory treatment are key.
Benign, brownish-black skin growth (seborrheic keratosis) that becomes more common with age. No cancer risk. Can be removed if it causes symptoms or for cosmetic reasons.
Benign, brownish pigmentation change of the skin caused by long-term UV exposure. Occurs more frequently on the backs of the hands, face, and décolletage. Harmless, but can be cosmetically bothersome.
Painful, whitish-yellow mucosal ulcers in the mouth area. Occur individually or in clusters and usually heal spontaneously within 1–2 weeks. Cause often unclear.
Medications that block the effects of histamine and are used for allergies, hives, and itching. Modern formulations rarely cause drowsiness and are well tolerated.
Sudden-onset, deep swelling of the skin and mucous membranes, often affecting the lips, eyelids, or tongue. It may be allergic or hereditary. Swelling in the throat area is an emergency.
Most severe form of an allergic reaction with a potentially life-threatening course. Symptoms range from skin rash to circulatory collapse. Requires immediate emergency treatment with adrenaline.
Synonym for neurodermatitis or atopic dermatitis. A chronically itchy, recurrent skin inflammation with an underlying genetic predisposition. It is the most common chronic skin disease in childhood.
Atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents, with eczema predominantly affecting the elbow creases, behind the knees, and neck. Severe itching impairs quality of life. Individualized therapy and skin care are essential.
Eczema caused by excessively dry skin, common in winter or in older adults. Presents with cracking, redness and itching, especially on the lower legs. Emollient care helps.
Diagnostic procedure for the magnified examination of skin lesions using a dermatoscope. Enables the assessment of pigment structures and vessels for the early detection of skin cancer.
Inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with an allergen such as nickel, fragrances, or preservatives. Presents with redness, blisters, and itching. Diagnosed via patch testing.
Genetic hair loss in men and women caused by hypersensitivity of hair follicles to dihydrotestosterone. Gradual progression with typical thinning patterns. Early treatment recommended.
Excessive immune reaction to actually harmless substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair. Manifests through skin rash, runny nose, or shortness of breath, among other symptoms. Diagnosis via prick or blood test.
Circular hair loss caused by autoimmune inflammation of the hair follicles. Presents as clearly defined bald patches on the scalp. Spontaneous regression is possible; various treatment options are available.
Rough, scaly patch of skin caused by chronic UV exposure. Considered a precancerous stage of non-melanoma skin cancer. Early treatment with cryotherapy, creams, or photodynamic therapy is important.
The most common form of hair loss in men, characterized by a typical pattern of receding hairline and crown. It is genetically and hormonally determined. Treatment with Minoxidil or Finasteride can slow its progression.
Common inflammatory condition of the sebaceous gland follicles with comedones, papules, pustules, and possible scarring. Primarily affects adolescents but can occur at any age. Various treatment options available.
Hereditary hair loss in women with diffuse thinning at the crown. Often begins after menopause. Treatment with minoxidil or anti-androgen therapies is possible.
Topical retinoid for treating mild to moderate acne. It has comedolytic and anti-inflammatory effects. Apply a thin layer to the affected skin in the evening; it is well tolerated.
Antiviral agent for treating herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections. Inhibits viral replication. Available as cream, tablets, or infusion solution.
Mild acne, predominantly featuring open and closed comedones (blackheads and whiteheads). This form often affects teenagers, and treatment usually involves topical retinoids or benzoyl peroxide to prevent inflammation.
Chronic inflammatory skin condition with painful nodules and abscesses in the armpits, groin, and genital area. Also called hidradenitis suppurativa. Treatment ranges from antibiotics to surgery.
Mnemonic for assessing moles: asymmetry, border, colour, diameter. Noticeable changes should be checked promptly with dermoscopy and removed if necessary.
Most common skin condition in adolescence, with comedones, papules and pustules on the face and upper body. Triggered by hormonal fluctuations, sebum and bacteria. Highly treatable.
Severe chronic form of acne with deep inflammatory nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts. Often affects the back, face, and neck. Often leaves pronounced scarring and requires systemic therapy.
An encapsulated collection of pus within the tissue caused by bacterial infection. Typical symptoms include redness, swelling, localized heat, and pain. Treatment involves surgical incision and drainage, and antibiotics if necessary.
Adult acne, usually from age 25. More common in women and often appears on the chin and jawline. Hormonal causes play an important role.
Chronic facial skin condition characterized by redness, visible blood vessels, and inflammatory papules or pustules. Primarily affects adults over 30. Not to be confused with classic acne.
Neurotoxin for aesthetic wrinkle treatment and medical therapy of hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). Precisely injected into the muscle. Effect lasts approx. 3–6 months.
Bacterial infection transmitted by ticks. The skin often shows erythema migrans (bull’s-eye rash). If left untreated, joints, nerves, and skin can be affected. Antibiotic therapy is effective.
Chronic burning of the oral mucosa without visible changes. It more frequently affects postmenopausal women. The cause is often multifactorial. Therapy includes local and systemic measures.
An autoimmune blistering skin disease, primarily affecting the elderly. Characterized by large, tense blisters on reddened or normal skin with intense itching. Treatment involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Superficial variant of basal cell carcinoma, often appearing as a reddish, slightly scaly plaque on the trunk. Grows flat and slowly. Easily treatable via surgery, cryotherapy, or topical therapy.
Most common malignant skin tumour, caused by chronic UV radiation. Grows slowly and rarely metastasises, but can destroy tissue. Surgical removal is the standard treatment.
Inflammation of the glans, often with redness, swelling, and pain. Causes include infections, irritation, or skin conditions. Primarily affects uncircumcised men. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Inflammation of the eyelids with redness, scaling and crusting at the eyelid margin. Often chronic and associated with rosacea or seborrheic dermatitis. Regular eyelid hygiene is important.
The most common form of basal cell carcinoma, featuring pearly, skin-colored nodules and fine blood vessels. Typically found on the face. Usually treated with complete surgical excision.
Biologic drugs that specifically target inflammatory processes. Used for severe psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. A revolutionary treatment option with high efficacy.
Itchy, often clustered reddish skin reactions after nighttime bites from bedbugs. Typical is the so-called “bug line.” Treatment is symptomatic with anti-itch remedies.
Fine, visible clusters of veins on the legs with a reddish-blue color. Usually a cosmetic concern, rarely medically relevant. Treatment via sclerotherapy or laser is possible.
Topical immunomodulators (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus) for treating atopic dermatitis and other eczemas. Anti-inflammatory without the side effects of cortisone. Especially suitable for sensitive areas of skin.
Extensive, brownish facial pigmentation, also known as melasma. Often triggered by pregnancy or hormonal contraceptives. Sun protection and brightening creams form the basis of therapy.
Light brown, uniformly pigmented skin patches with a café-au-lait color. Usually harmless when solitary. Multiple large patches may indicate neurofibromatosis and require evaluation.
Cradle cap in infants with yellowish, greasy scales on the scalp. Can be an early sign of atopic dermatitis. Gentle removal with oil and mild care recommended.
Visible, dilated blood vessels on the face, especially on the cheeks and nose. Early stage of rosacea. Worsened by UV radiation, alcohol, and temperature fluctuations. Laser treatment can improve the appearance.
Genital warts (HPV) in the genital and anal areas. Flesh-colored, cauliflower-like growths. Treatment includes freezing, laser, creams, or surgical removal.
Ablative laser for removing skin tissue. Used for warts, scars, actinic keratoses, and skin rejuvenation. Enables precise treatment with controllable penetration depth.
Hives with wheals and itching for more than six weeks. Cause often unclear (spontaneous) or triggered by physical stimuli. Modern treatment with antihistamines and biologics available.
Inflammation of the lips with dryness, cracking, redness, and scaling. Causes range from dehydration and contact allergies to chronic UV damage. Treatment depends on the trigger.
Persistent inflammation of the skin on the hands with redness, scaling, cracks and blisters. Often work-related due to wet work or contact allergies. Protection, care and targeted treatment are key.
Controlled removal of upper skin layers using acid solutions to improve skin texture. Effective for pigmentation marks, fine lines, and acne scars. Available in various strengths depending on the desired depth of penetration.
Group of harmless skin conditions with brownish-red spots on the lower legs caused by tiny bleedings. Common with venous insufficiency. Cosmetically bothersome, but medically harmless.
Fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts. Affects skin, mucous membranes, and nails, particularly in moist skin folds. Typical symptoms include redness and whitish patches. Antifungal therapy is effective.
A form of hives triggered by sweating, physical exertion, or emotional stress. Presents with small, intensely itchy wheals on the upper body. Treatment with antihistamines.
Recurring blistering on the palms and soles with severe itching. Causes vary: stress, allergies, fungal infections. Also called dyshidrotic eczema or pompholyx.
Non-invasive examination method using a dermatoscope for precise assessment of skin lesions and moles. A key tool for early skin cancer detection in dermatology.
Chronic skin inflammation with yellowish, greasy scales in sebaceous gland-rich areas such as the scalp, face, and chest. Yeast fungi play a role. Antifungal treatment is effective.
Intensely itchy skin condition characterized by clustered blisters, commonly on the elbows, knees, and buttocks. Associated with celiac disease (gluten intolerance). Treatment involves dapsone and a gluten-free diet.
Fungal infections of the skin, hair, or nails caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or molds. Commonly affects feet, groin, or nails. Diagnosis through fungal culture, treatment with antifungals.
Benign, firm skin nodule, typically found on the legs. It often develops after insect bites or minor injuries. It appears brownish and is harmless. Removal is only necessary if it causes discomfort or if there is uncertainty.
A form of eczema with itchy, deep-seated blisters on the hands and feet. Often chronic-recurrent. Treatment includes topical corticosteroids, supportive care, and avoidance of trigger factors.
A general term for inflammatory skin changes of various causes, characterized by redness, swelling, itching, and scaling. It includes contact eczema, atopic dermatitis, and irritant forms.
Mollusca contagiosa – viral skin infection characterized by small, dome-shaped nodules with a central indentation. Common in children. Usually self-limiting; curettage or cryotherapy available if required.
Superficial bacterial skin infection caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. Presents as brownish-red patches in skin folds. Coral-red fluorescence under Wood’s lamp. Treated with topical antibiotics.
Painful, reddish-blue nodules on the extensor surfaces of the lower legs, caused by inflammation of the subcutaneous fat. May indicate an infection, sarcoidosis, or a drug reaction.
Acute immune reaction of the skin with typical target-shaped lesions. The most common trigger is herpes simplex. Usually self-limiting with a mild course. Severe forms require inpatient treatment.
Bacterial skin infection (Erysipelas) with sharply demarcated, painful redness and swelling, usually on the lower leg. Caused by streptococci. Immediate antibiotic therapy required.
Cold damage to the skin with redness, swelling and blistering up to tissue necrosis. Primarily affects fingers, toes, nose and ears. Slow warming and medical care required.
Persistent inability to achieve an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Causes are often vascular, hormonal, or psychological. Evaluation is important, as it may indicate vascular disease.
A collective term for inflammatory, non-contagious skin conditions characterized by redness, scaling, itching, and potentially blistering. It is the most common skin disease. Various forms exist depending on the cause.
Freckles – small, light-brown pigmented spots that become more pronounced in fair skin types due to sunlight. Genetic and completely harmless. Often fade again in winter.
Allergy testing procedure: Test patches containing potential allergens are applied to the back for 48 hours. Readings after 48 and 72 hours identify contact allergies.
Contact eczema caused by repeated exposure to skin-irritating substances such as detergents or water. Most common occupational disease. Prevention through skin protection and protective gloves is crucial.
Coin-shaped (nummular), weeping eczema patches, often sustained by bacterial colonization. It primarily affects the lower legs. Treatment involves antiseptic and anti-inflammatory measures.
Generalized redness and scaling of over 90% of the body surface. Can be triggered by psoriasis, eczema, medications, or lymphomas. Serious condition requiring inpatient treatment.
Genital warts in the anal and intimate areas caused by HPV. Highly contagious through sexual contact. Treatment options include cryotherapy, laser, topical immunomodulators, or surgical removal.
Painful, bluish-red swellings on fingers and toes after cold exposure. Typically occur in winter with damp cold. Also known as Perniones. Keeping warm and circulation-boosting measures help.
Inflammation of the hair follicles, usually caused by bacteria (staphylococci). It presents as red nodules or pustules around the hair and occurs on hairy parts of the body. Usually responds well to local treatment.
Pulsed laser for the targeted treatment of vascular lesions such as port-wine stains, spider veins, and rosacea. Also used for scars and warts. Selectively destroys red blood vessels.
Deep, painful inflammation of a hair follicle with abscess formation caused by staphylococci. It forms a pus plug and usually heals with scarring. Large boils require surgical incision.
Fungal infection of the skin on the feet, typically between the toes. Symptoms include itching, redness, scaling, and maceration. It is very common and contagious. Treatment involves antifungal creams or sprays.
Painful, linear skin crack, frequently occurring on lips, corners of the mouth, fingertips, or the anal area. Caused by dryness, eczema, or overstretching. Management includes care and, if necessary, anti-inflammatory therapy.
Benign, pedunculated skin growth (skin tag) on the neck, armpits, or groin. Very common and harmless. Can be bothersome if mechanically irritated and is easily removed.
Group of benign connective tissue proliferations such as Dupuytren’s contracture or keloids. Can grow locally aggressively. Treatment depends on the type: observation, injection, radiotherapy, or surgery.
Recurrent occurrence of multiple furuncles, often caused by staphylococcal colonization of the skin. Contributing factors include diabetes and immunodeficiency. Eradication of bacterial carriage is part of the treatment.
Aesthetic procedures to smooth facial wrinkles. Includes botulinum toxin, hyaluronic acid fillers, laser, and chemical peels. The goal is a natural, fresh appearance without a mask-like effect.
Common name for impetigo contagiosa, a highly contagious bacterial skin infection in children. Typical signs are honey-yellow crusts on the face. Treated with antiseptics or antibiotics.
A fast-growing, easily bleeding vascular nodule of the skin. It often develops after minor injuries. Despite the name, it is not purulent. Treatment involves curettage, laser therapy, or cryotherapy.
Inflammation of the tongue characterized by redness, swelling, and pain. Causes include infections, vitamin deficiencies, allergies, or autoimmune diseases. Geographic tongue is a common, harmless variant.
Benign, ring-shaped skin nodules of unclear cause. Often on the backs of the hands and feet in children and young adults. Usually symptom-free and self-limiting; treatment is rarely needed.
Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus causing a painful, one-sided blistering rash. Occurs mainly in older or immunocompromised people. Early antiviral treatment is important.
Reduced melanin production, resulting in light skin patches. Causes include vitiligo, inflammation, fungal infections, or scars. Diagnosis of the underlying condition determines further treatment.
Increased melanin deposits causing darkening of the skin. Causes include UV radiation, hormones, inflammation, or medications. Sun protection and brightening agents form the basis of treatment.
Excessive thickening of the skin’s stratum corneum. Occurs with calluses, warts, psoriasis, or actinic keratoses. Treatment depends on the cause and includes keratolytic agents or laser therapy.
Excessive sweating beyond normal levels, often on the hands, feet, or underarms. Can significantly impair quality of life. Treatment with antiperspirants, botulinum toxin, or iontophoresis.
Shingles – painful, one-sided blistering along a nerve due to reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. Early antiviral therapy reduces complications such as nerve pain.
Widespread virus with two types: HSV-1 (oral herpes) and HSV-2 (genital herpes). Persists lifelong in nerve ganglia. Reactivations triggered by stress, UV light, or immunosuppression.
Cold sores, caused by herpes simplex virus type 1, appear as itchy blisters on the lip. They are very common and often recur due to stress or sun exposure. Antiviral creams can speed up healing.
Infections of the skin, mucous membranes, and nails caused by yeast (mostly Candida or Malassezia). Often triggered by moisture and a weakened immune system. Antifungal therapy is effective.
Benign vascular tumour in newborns that grows rapidly in the first weeks of life. Usually regresses spontaneously. Large or complicated haemangiomas are treated with propranolol.
Fitzpatrick skin classification into six types (I–VI) based on pigmentation and susceptibility to sunburn, determining individual UV risk and skin sensitivity.
Diagnostic examination (trichogram) to determine hair growth phases. Provides insights into the cause of hair loss. Approximately 50–100 hairs are analyzed microscopically.
Umbrella term for malignant skin tumors: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (non-melanoma skin cancer) and melanoma (malignant melanoma). Regular screening enables early detection and good chances of recovery.
Sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, with painful blisters in the genital area. Recurrences are common. Antiviral medications shorten outbreaks and reduce the risk of transmission.
Keratin filament formed in the hair follicle. Goes through growth phases (anagen, catagen, telogen). Texture and density are genetically determined. Changes may indicate diseases.
A substance naturally found in the body that binds water and gives the skin volume and elasticity. Used in aesthetic medicine as a filler for wrinkle injections and facial contouring.
Natural skin ageing process (intrinsic), intensified by UV radiation (extrinsic). Shows as wrinkles, loss of elasticity and age spots. Sun protection is the best prevention.
Painful, pressure-induced skin thickening (corn) on toes or foot sole. Caused by ill-fitting shoes. Removal and pressure relief offer relief.
Surgical procedure to transplant your own hair follicles from the donor area to bald spots. A permanent solution for hereditary hair loss. Modern techniques ensure natural-looking results.
Human papillomavirus infections cause warts on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as genital warts. Certain types are risk factors for cervical and anal cancer. Vaccination provides effective protection.
Viral illness mainly in young children with blisters in the mouth and on the hands and feet. Highly contagious but harmless. Usually clears up on its own within 7–10 days.
Excessive hair growth in women following a male pattern (face, chest, abdomen). Often hormonal in nature. Evaluation of androgen excess is important. Treatment options include hormonal therapy, laser, or topical creams.
Chronic inflammatory skin condition with painful nodules and abscesses in the armpits, groin, and genital area. Synonym for acne inversa. Early, consistent treatment prevents progression.
Allergic rhinitis caused by pollen, featuring sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and breathing difficulties. Affects millions seasonally. Treatment includes antihistamines and, if necessary, immunotherapy.
Autoimmune-related, patchy hair loss with clearly defined bald spots. Can occur at any age. Spontaneous regrowth is possible. Treatment options include cortisone or immunotherapy.
Systemic retinoid for treating severe acne. Highly effective, permanently reduces sebum production. Strict medical supervision required due to side effects. Pregnancy must be safely ruled out.
Inflammation of the skin in body folds (armpits, groin, under the breast) caused by moisture and friction. Favored by obesity and diabetes. Keeping the area dry and antimicrobial treatment help.
Skin reaction to the sting or bite of insects such as mosquitoes, bees, or wasps. Presents with redness, swelling, and itching. Immediate medical attention required in case of allergic reaction.
Highly contagious, superficial bacterial skin infection, common in children. Characterized by honey-colored crusts on the face. Caused by staphylococci or streptococci. Antibiotic treatment required.
A group of hereditary keratinization disorders characterized by dry, scaly skin resembling fish scales. Various forms and degrees of severity exist. Regular moisturizing care and keratolysis are essential.
An unpleasant skin sensation that triggers the urge to scratch. A common symptom of many skin diseases, allergies, and internal conditions. Identifying the cause is essential for targeted therapy.
A rare group of lymphomas that primarily affect the skin. The most common example is mycosis fungoides. Initially presents as eczema-like patches. Stage-specific, individualized therapy.
Cold treatment (liquid nitrogen) for freezing skin lesions such as warts, actinic keratoses, or seborrheic keratoses. A fast, outpatient procedure with high efficacy.
Parasitic skin disease caused by scabies mites with intense itching, especially at night. Typical signs are mite burrows between the fingers. Treatment of the entire contact group with permethrin or ivermectin.
Dilated, tortuous superficial leg veins (varices) caused by venous valve insufficiency. Symptoms include heavy legs, swelling, and skin changes. Treatment via sclerotherapy, laser, or surgery.
Parasitic infestation of the scalp with Pediculus humanus capitis. Common in children. Causes severe itching. Treatment with dimethicone preparations or permethrin, nit comb for follow-up checks.
Urticaria from direct skin contact with triggers such as latex, foods, or chemicals. Immediate wheal and redness reaction. Distinguished as immunological vs. non-immunological.
Group of autoimmune diseases of the connective tissue such as lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and scleroderma. Often associated with skin changes. Multidisciplinary diagnostics and therapy required.
Synonym for actinic keratosis – rough, scaly skin patches caused by chronic UV damage. Precancerous skin lesion. Early treatment via cryotherapy, creams, or photodynamic therapy is recommended.
A harmless keratinization disorder characterized by rough bumps on the upper arms, thighs, and cheeks. Also known as ‘chicken skin’. Very common, especially in atopic individuals. Moisturizing care and peels are helpful.
Blackheads – sebum plugs in hair follicles. Open comedones (blackheads) and closed comedones (whiteheads) are the primary lesions of acne. They develop due to keratinization disorders and excess sebum production.
Lichen ruber planus – an inflammatory disease characterized by itchy, purple, polygonal nodules on the skin and mucous membranes. The cause is unclear, possibly autoimmune. Treatment involves corticosteroids.
Overgrown, raised scarring that extends beyond the wound edges. Commonly found on shoulders, chest, and earlobes. Treatment is challenging: injections, pressure dressings, laser, or cryotherapy.
Malignant vascular skin tumor associated with HHV-8 infection. Typically occurs in older men or immunocompromised patients. Presents as bluish-red nodules or patches.
Common form of eczema caused by external factors affecting the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis results from an immune reaction, toxic contact dermatitis from direct cell damage. Highly relevant occupational condition.
Inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with irritating or allergenic substances. Manifests as redness, blisters, and itching. Distinguishing between allergic and toxic forms is essential.
Immunological hypersensitivity reaction to substances upon direct skin contact. Common allergens include nickel, fragrances, and preservatives. Diagnosis via patch testing. Allergen avoidance is essential.
Chronic swelling due to impaired lymphatic drainage, primarily in the legs. Can be congenital or acquired. Progressive with tissue hardening. Treatment involves compression and lymphatic drainage.
Benign malformation of the lymphatic vessels, usually congenital. Appears as a soft, blister-like swelling of the skin. Common in the head and neck area. Treatment for symptoms includes sclerotherapy or surgery.
Malignant disease of the lymphatic tissue in the skin. T-cell and B-cell lymphomas are differentiated. They manifest as patches, plaques, or nodules. Stage-specific therapy.
Autoimmune disease with various forms: purely cutaneous (discoid lupus) to systemic with organ involvement. Typical butterfly-shaped facial erythema on the skin. Sun protection essential.
Benign, soft fatty tissue nodule under the skin. Commonly found on the trunk and extremities. Slow-growing and painless. Removal only if symptomatic or to rule out other tumors.
Measures to protect skin from UV radiation: sunscreen, protective clothing, and avoiding the midday sun. Key prevention against skin cancer, premature skin aging, and sun allergy.
Most common sun allergy, with itchy bumps and blisters on sun-exposed areas after sun exposure. Usually occurs in spring. Sun protection and gradual UV acclimatisation are preventive measures.
Chronic, thickened patches of eczema caused by repeated rubbing and scratching (lichenification). Frequently occurs on the neck, ankles, or genital area. The goal of therapy is to break the itch-scratch cycle.
Permanent hair removal through targeted destruction of the hair follicle with laser light. Works best on dark hair and light skin. Multiple sessions required for optimal results.
A net-like, bluish-reddish skin pattern caused by slowed blood flow in the cutaneous vessels. Often harmless when exposed to cold. A persistent form may indicate vascular diseases or autoimmune processes.
A chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by whitish, hardened patches, primarily in the genital area. It affects women more frequently than men. It can cause itching and tissue shrinkage. Treatment typically involves potent corticosteroids.
Chronic inflammatory condition with typical polygonal, violaceous-red, itchy papules. Affects skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. Various subtypes with different courses.
Use of focused light to treat a wide range of skin concerns: vascular changes, pigmentation spots, scars, warts, and wrinkles. Different laser types for different indications.
Lichen planus – inflammatory condition with itchy, purple, flat-topped papules. Can affect the skin, oral mucosa and nails. Cause unclear, likely autoimmune. Treated with corticosteroids.
Sun spot – localized brown pigmentation caused by chronic sun damage. Differentiation from melanoma through dermatoscopy is important. Sun protection prevents the formation of new spots.
Age spot – benign, flat, brownish pigmentation caused by long-term UV exposure. Common on the backs of hands, face, and décolleté. Harmless, but occasionally cosmetically bothersome. Lightening is possible.
Melanoma precursor in chronically sun-damaged skin in older people. Appears as an irregularly defined brown spot, usually on the face. Surgical removal recommended.
Chronic, symmetrical fat distribution disorder in the legs and arms, almost exclusively in women. Painful to pressure, with a tendency to bruise. Differentiation from lymphedema is important. Treatment is multimodal.
A general term for fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails. The most common pathogens are dermatophytes and yeasts. These typically affect the feet, nails, and skin folds. Antifungal therapy is available.
Colloquial term for melanocytic nevi—benign clusters of pigment cells in the skin. Regular check-ups are important, as melanoma can rarely develop. Use the ABCD rule for self-assessment.
Fungal infection of the oral mucosa caused by Candida albicans, with whitish, wipeable patches. Common in infants and immunocompromised patients. Antifungal treatment is effective.
An itchy skin reaction to the saliva of biting mosquitoes, appearing as a reddened wheal. Some individuals may experience an exaggerated allergic reaction. Treatment includes cooling and anti-itch remedies.
The most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with a slowly progressive course. Initially presenting as eczema-like patches, later developing into plaques and tumors. Early stages are highly responsive to phototherapy and topical treatments.
Rare disease with increased mast cells in the skin and potentially internal organs. Skin symptoms are brownish spots that swell upon rubbing (Darier’s sign). The course is usually benign.
Most aggressive skin cancer, originating from pigment-producing cells (melanocytes). Early detection through self-examination and dermoscopy is crucial. If diagnosed in time, the chances of cure are very good.
Rare, aggressive skin tumor with rapid growth, most commonly in the head and neck region of older patients. Early surgical removal and, if necessary, immunotherapy with avelumab are the standard treatment.
Large-scale, brownish facial pigmentation, usually on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. Hormonally triggered by pregnancy or the pill. Treatment involves consistent sun protection and brightening agents.
Molluscum contagiosum – viral skin infection with pearl-like bumps and a central dimple. Very common in children, also sexually transmissible. Usually self-limiting; if needed, curettage or cryotherapy.
Black skin cancer – malignant tumour of the pigment-producing cells. Risk factors include UV exposure, many moles, and fair skin type. Regular skin cancer screening can save lives.
Microscopic arachnids that can cause skin problems as parasites or allergens. Scabies mites infest the skin directly; house dust mites trigger allergic reactions.
Small, white keratin cysts in the epidermis, frequently found on the face. Harmless and primarily a cosmetic concern. They develop spontaneously or after skin injuries. Removal involves a small incision and extraction.
A localized form of scleroderma characterized by circumscribed, hardened areas of skin. These appear whitish and shiny with a lilac border. It affects only the skin, not internal organs. Treatment involves topical steroids or phototherapy.
Aesthetic procedure using fine needles for controlled skin stimulation. Promotes collagen production and improves scars, pores, and wrinkles. Can be combined with active ingredients such as hyaluronic acid.
Dark longitudinal nail pigmentation caused by melanin. Can be harmless or a sign of nail melanoma. A dermatoscopic examination and, if suspected, a biopsy is necessary for diagnosis.
Mole – benign skin change made up of pigment cells (melanocytes). Various types and forms. Regular dermoscopic checks are recommended to detect malignant changes early.
Port-wine stain – a congenital, flat, reddish-purple vascular malformation of the skin. It does not fade spontaneously and grows proportionally with the body. Laser treatment with a dye laser can improve its appearance.
Fungal infection of the nail (onychomycosis) with discoloration, thickening, and brittleness. Common in toenails. Pathogen detection through fungal culture. Treatment with antifungal nail polish or tablets.
Common mole consisting of grouped pigment cells. Can be congenital or acquired. Various forms (flat, raised). Regular monitoring for early detection of melanoma changes.
Therapeutic measures to improve the appearance of scars. Methods include silicone patches, cortisone injections, laser, microneedling, and surgical scar revision – depending on the type of scar.
Colloquial term for onychomycosis. A common fungal infection of the nails with yellowish discoloration and thickening. Mainly affects toenails. Prolonged treatment with antifungal medication is required.
Bacterial or fungal infection of the nail bed with redness, swelling, and pain. Promoted by ingrown nails or injuries. Treatment with antiseptics, antibiotics if necessary, or surgery.
Immunological reaction to specific food proteins such as peanuts, milk, or eggs. Symptoms affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory system. Diagnosis via prick test and provocation test.
Nail involvement in psoriasis with pitting, oil spots, thickening, or detachment of the nail plate. Occurs in many psoriasis patients. Difficult to treat, topically or systemically.
Localized itching and paresthesia on the upper back (between the shoulder blades). Caused by nerve irritation. Often accompanied by brownish hyperpigmentation. Treatment is symptomatic.
Chronic inflammatory skin condition with severe itching and dry skin. Often starts in childhood and is frequently associated with allergies. Consistent basic skincare and anti-inflammatory treatment are key.
Skin condition with itchy wheals and often angioedema. Acute form usually allergic, chronic form often without identifiable cause. Antihistamines are the standard treatment.
Connective tissue repair following skin injury or inflammation. Can be atrophic (depressed), hypertrophic (raised), or keloid-like. Various treatment options depending on scar type and symptoms.
A bulging scar that grows beyond the wound margins due to excessive connective tissue formation. Genetic predisposition plays a role. Treatment is challenging and includes corticosteroids, pressure therapy, or cryotherapy.
Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, starting at the free edge of the nail. Causes include trauma, fungal infection, psoriasis, or chemical exposure. Treatment depends on the underlying condition.
Fungal infection of the nail plate characterized by discoloration, thickening, and destruction of the nail. It is the most common nail disorder. Pathogen identification is required before starting therapy. Treatment is topical or systemic using antifungal medications.
Bacterial skin infection, usually caused by staphylococci or streptococci. Includes impetigo, folliculitis, boils, and abscesses. Treatment with antiseptics and antibiotics if necessary.
Bleeding into the skin that cannot be pressed away. Causes range from harmless age-related changes to severe clotting disorders or vasculitis. Investigation of the underlying cause is important.
Inflammatory joint disease in patients with psoriasis. Often affects finger and toe joints. Early diagnosis and treatment with biologics or immunosuppressants prevent joint destruction.
Severe autoimmune disease with flaccid blisters on skin and mucous membranes. Antibodies against desmoglein destroy the cell cohesion of the epidermis. Therapy with immunosuppressants and Rituximab.
Acute form of psoriasis featuring numerous small, drop-shaped lesions on the trunk. Frequently occurs after streptococcal infections in children and adolescents. Often has a good spontaneous prognosis.
Superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia yeast with light or brownish patches, usually on the upper body. Worsens with heat and sweating. Easily treated with antifungal wash solutions.
The most common form of psoriasis, characterized by reddish plaques with silvery-white scaling on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. It follows a chronic-relapsing course. Many effective treatment options are available.
A medical subspecialty dealing with venous diseases: varicose veins, spider veins, thromboses, and chronic venous insufficiency. Diagnosis via duplex sonography; conservative or surgical treatment.
Inflammation of the skin around the anus with redness, itching, and burning. Common in children and adults. Causes include fungal infections, allergies, or hemorrhoids. Targeted treatment of the underlying cause.
Inflammatory facial condition with small bumps and pustules around the mouth, nose and eyes. Common in women. Often caused by excessive skincare or cortisone. Zero therapy as the first step.
Acute, self-limiting skin condition with oval, scaly patches on the trunk. Typically begins with a herald patch. Probably viral in origin. Resolves spontaneously within 6–8 weeks.
Localized darkening of the skin due to increased melanin deposits. Various forms include freckles, age spots, or melasma. Dermatoscopic examination to rule out malignant changes.
Second most common skin cancer, arising from actinic keratoses due to chronic UV damage. Can metastasize. Surgical removal is the standard treatment. Regular follow-up is important.
Treatment with a photosensitive agent and subsequent light exposure. Used for actinic keratoses, superficial skin cancer, and acne. Selective destruction of altered cells.
Plantar warts on the sole of the foot caused by HPV infection. They grow inwards due to pressure and are often painful when walking. Treatment involves cryotherapy, salicylic acid, laser, or curettage.
Infections caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or molds affecting skin, hair, or nails. Common on feet, in skin folds, and on nails. Diagnosis through culture, treatment with antifungals.
Allergic reaction to pollen (grasses, trees, herbs) causing rhinitis, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Seasonal. Diagnosis via prick test; treatment with antihistamines and hyposensitization.
Changes in skin color due to hyper- or hypopigmentation. Causes include UV damage, hormones, inflammation, or genetic factors. Targeted diagnostics determine treatment options.
Itching – a common symptom of skin diseases, allergies, internal conditions, and psychological stress. Can occur locally or generalized. Identifying the cause is a prerequisite for therapy.
A common, harmless skin condition in children characterized by pale, slightly scaly patches on the face. Often seen in individuals with atopy. It fades over time. Moisturizing care and sun protection are recommended.
Chronic itchy skin condition with firm nodules, often caused by scratching. Various forms (acute, chronic, nodularis). Treatment aims to relieve itching and reduce inflammation.
Distressing anal itching with many possible causes: hemorrhoids, eczema, fungal infections, or improper hygiene. Thorough proctological and dermatological evaluation recommended.
Lice infestation of the hair-bearing skin. Head lice are common in children, and pubic lice occur in the genital area. Severe itching is the primary symptom. Treatment involves dimethicone or permethrin-containing preparations.
Inflammation of the nail fold (paronychia) with painful swelling and redness. Acute cases are usually bacterial; chronic cases are often caused by Candida. Treatment involves antiseptics, and if necessary, antibiotics or antifungals.
Excessive keratinization on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Congenital or acquired due to mechanical stress. Presents as thickened, yellowish calluses. Keratolytic care and, if necessary, retinoids.
Purulent inflammation on the finger or toe, usually caused by staphylococci. Presents with swelling, redness, and throbbing pain. Superficial forms can be treated locally; deep ones require surgery.
A transient, itchy swelling of the skin (urtica) caused by fluid leaking into the tissue. Typical of hives (urticaria). Caused by the release of histamine. Usually disappears within 24 hours.
Deep swelling of the skin and mucous membranes, often affecting the lips, eyelids, and tongue. A form of angioedema. It can be caused by allergies, medication, or heredity. Swelling in the throat is a medical emergency.
Moderate rosacea with inflammatory papules and pustules in addition to facial redness. Looks like acne on the outside, but has different causes. Topical therapy and, if needed, systemic treatment.
Chronic inflammatory facial skin condition with redness, visible dilated blood vessels, papules, and pustules. Mainly affects fair-skinned adults. Avoid triggers and use anti-inflammatory therapy.
Early stage of rosacea with persistent facial redness and dilated blood vessels (telangiectasia). Flush-like flare-ups triggered by heat, alcohol, or spicy foods. Laser treatment is effective.
Common name for tinea corporis – a ring-shaped fungal skin infection. Typically presents as a red, scaly ring with central clearing. Easily treated with antifungal creams.
Episodic circulatory disorder of the fingers with white, blue, and red discoloration due to vascular spasms. Triggered by cold or stress. The primary form is harmless; the secondary form may indicate an underlying condition.
Bulbous thickening of the nasal tip due to sebaceous gland overgrowth as a late form of rosacea. Mostly affects men. Surgical removal or laser therapy provides good cosmetic results.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin – a malignant tumor caused by chronic UV damage. Often develops from actinic keratoses. Can metastasize. The standard therapy is surgical removal.
Stretch marks on the skin caused by overstretching of the connective tissue. Common during pregnancy, puberty, or weight gain. Initially reddish, later whitish. Laser treatment can reduce their appearance.
Eczema of the lower legs due to chronic venous insufficiency. It manifests with redness, scaling, itching, and brownish discoloration. Compression therapy and emollient care are foundational treatments.
Autoimmune disease characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin due to excessive collagen deposits. Occurs as a localized form (morphea) or a systemic form involving internal organs. Treatment depends on the stage.
Colloquial term for polymorphic light eruption – the most common light-induced skin condition, characterized by itchy bumps after sun exposure. Prevention through gradual UV acclimatization and consistent sun protection.
Treatment of varicose veins or spider veins by injecting a sclerosing agent directly into the vessel. Proven outpatient procedure in phlebology with excellent cosmetic results.
Acute inflammation of the skin caused by excessive UV-B radiation. Presents as redness, swelling and, if applicable, blistering. Repeated sunburns significantly increase the risk of skin cancer.
Systemic inflammatory disease with granuloma formation. Skin involvement presents as reddish-brown nodules or plaques. Lupus pernio on the face is characteristic. Treatment with corticosteroids.
Parasitic skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, characterized by intense nocturnal itching and mite burrows. Highly contagious. Treatment of all close contacts with permethrin or ivermectin is necessary.
Group of skin-specific conditions during pregnancy such as PUPPP, pemphigoid gestationis, or intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Itching is a common primary symptom. Diagnosis and treatment by dermatologists.
Chronic eczema in sebum-rich areas of the skin with yellowish, greasy scales. Affects the scalp, face, and chest area. Yeasts play a role. Antifungal treatment is effective.
A chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by typical silvery-white scales on reddened plaques. It is genetically determined and immune-mediated. Modern therapies enable effective disease control.
Chronic inflammatory sinus tract in the natal cleft (pilonidal fistula). Caused by ingrown hairs. Recurrent abscesses are possible. Surgical intervention is often required.
Athlete’s foot – the most common fungal infection of all. It presents with itching, redness, and scaling between the toes. Warm, moist environments promote infection. Antifungal therapy is effective.
Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and bluish discoloration. A serious condition with a risk of pulmonary embolism.
Nail fungus caused by dermatophytes with thickening, discoloration, and brittleness of the nail plate. Lengthy to treat. Pathogen identification recommended before therapy. Treatment topical or systemic.
Permanently dilated, visible small blood vessels in the skin. Frequently found on the nose and cheeks. They can occur in isolation or as part of rosacea. Laser or IPL treatments are effective.
A condition of reduced skin moisture characterized by roughness, scaling, and a feeling of tightness. Common in winter and among the elderly. It is the underlying cause of many types of eczema. Treatment involves regular moisturizing and lipid-replenishing care.
Inflammation of a superficial vein with a blood clot. Appears as a painful, reddened cord under the skin. Usually on the legs. Compression and anti-inflammatory treatment.
Dermatophyte fungal infection of the scalp, common in children. Presents with scaly, hairless patches. Systemic antifungal therapy required, as topical treatment alone is insufficient.
Fungal infection of the body skin characterized by ring-shaped, scaly, and reddened patches. Central clearing with an active border is typical. Contagious. Treatment with antifungal creams is usually sufficient.
Hives with wheals and/or angioedema lasting more than six weeks. Often without a clear cause. Stepped therapy with antihistamines; omalizumab as a biologic if required.
Hives with itchy wheals caused by histamine release. The acute form is often allergic; the chronic form is often spontaneous with no identifiable cause. Antihistamines are the basic therapy.
An open leg ulcer, typically on the lower leg. The most common cause is chronic venous insufficiency, less often arterial insufficiency or diabetes. Compression therapy and wound care are essential.
Sudden-onset hives with wheals and itching that lasts less than six weeks. Common triggers include infections, medications, or foods. Usually self-limiting.
Medical treatment with ultraviolet light for skin conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or vitiligo. Various forms include narrowband UVB, PUVA, and excimer laser. Controlled application is important.
White spot disease caused by autoimmune destruction of pigment-producing melanocytes. Sharply defined white patches of skin. Treatment includes light therapy, topical immunomodulators, or corticosteroids.
A fungal infection of the vulva and vagina caused by Candida yeasts, characterized by itching, burning, and whitish discharge. Very common. Often triggered by antibiotics and diabetes. Antifungal treatment is effective.
Inflammation of the blood vessels with diverse skin manifestations such as purpura, nodules, or ulcers. Various forms depending on vessel size. Often immunological in cause. Targeted diagnostics are essential.
Impaired venous return in the legs due to defective venous valves. Symptoms include swelling, skin changes, and leg ulcers in advanced stages. Compression therapy is the basic treatment.
Common wart – benign skin growth caused by HPV infection. Rough, raised nodules on hands and fingers. Contagious. Treatment involves cryotherapy, salicylic acid, or laser.
Varicose veins caused by dilated, tortuous superficial leg veins. The cause is venous valve insufficiency. Symptoms include heavy legs and swelling. Treatment is via sclerotherapy or surgery.
Benign skin growths caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Different types include common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts. Contagious. Treatment includes cryotherapy, salicylic acid, laser therapy, or curettage.
Inflammation of the skin in the diaper area in infants caused by moisture, friction, and urine components. Often secondarily infected with Candida. Frequent diaper changes and barrier creams as treatment.
A highly contagious viral infection characterized by a typical itchy vesicular rash (starry sky pattern). It is a common childhood illness, and a vaccine is available. The virus remains latent and can reactivate later in life as shingles.
Acute bacterial skin infection with sharply defined, painful redness and swelling. Caused by streptococci entering through minor skin injuries. Antibiotic treatment is essential.
Yellowish cholesterol deposits on the eyelids. These may indicate elevated blood lipid levels. Harmless, but cosmetically bothersome. Removal via laser, cryotherapy, or surgical excision.
Yellowish skin nodules caused by the accumulation of fatty substances, often associated with elevated blood lipids. Forms vary by location. Treating the underlying lipid metabolism disorder is crucial.
Dry skin – a common skin condition characterized by roughness, scaling, and itching. Aggravated by age, dry air, and frequent washing. Forms the basis for many eczemas. Emollient care as a foundational treatment.
A severe form of acne with deep, painful, inflammatory cysts under the skin. High risk of scarring. Requires early systemic therapy, often with Isotretinoin. Consistent treatment is essential.
Reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus, resulting in a painful, unilateral vesicular rash. Risk increases with age. Antiviral therapy within 72 hours. Vaccination is recommended for prevention.
Deep bacterial inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with diffuse redness, swelling, and pain. Differentiation from erysipelas can sometimes be difficult. Antibiotic therapy required.
Localized hardening of the skin (morphea) due to excessive collagen production. Whitish, shiny plaques with a purple border. Only the skin is affected; there is no organ involvement. Treatment with steroids or UV light.
